How Can the Use of Mental Images, Concepts and Schemas to...

How can the use of mental images, concepts and schemas to organise thinking help us to improve our memory? Cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with the study of subjective internal mental states. However, the subjective nature of cognitive activities such as thinking, memory, learning, perception, and language make it difficult to directly and empirically test these mental processes. Cognitive psychology therefore relies on a fundamental assumption of reductionism, where the dynamic and convoluted cognitive processes mentioned above are reduced to manageable and pre-agreed hypothetical constructs which can be operationalized, and thus empirically measured to highlight relationships between specific variables. Yes, many†¦show more content†¦Spoors et al. (2011, p.50) define concept formation as ‘the process of making a mental representation of a group of objects or events that share similar properties..’ These category concepts are divided into sub-concepts and further sub-concepts. For example, the concept of ‘food’ can be sub-divided into veget ables, fruit, meat, desserts etc.., and further subdivide into meat such as lamb, beef, chicken, pork..etc. We use a set of defining features to categorise – e.g. meat is derived of an animal that once lived, the animal is not from the sea, meat is the body of that animal. But we are flexible in how we apply these defined features for example, guinea pig ‘meat’ would be seen as an edible meat in Peru, but would probably not be considered a foodstuff by individuals raised in western cultures. I like your example of food and meat to explain concept formation. Good. The sorting of incoming stimuli into categories seems to be a fairly automatic cognitive process. Mandler (1967) used word recall of 100 words to test whether explicitly instructing participants to organise words into related categories had any effect on recall. He found no significant difference in the number of words recalled between the group explicitly told to categorise words and the group not instructed to. Bousfield (1953) also found that even when presented with words in a random order, participants tended to naturally group semanticallyShow MoreRelatedY183 Tma011122 Words   |  5 Pagesin which we can organise our thinking. These can be helpful when we are trying to improve our memory or when trying to recall things from the past. The three ways I am about to explain are all similar in the way we organise our thinking, and can be a powerful aid to our memory. Each point is backed up with evidence to support this. One of the ways we organise our thinking is by using mental images. By forming a mental image, we are thinking about something by constructing a mental picture ofRead MoreY183 Tma011258 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment: TMA01 Task 1 How can the way in which we organise our thinking by using mental images, concepts and schemas help us improve our memory? Part A Sketch out a plan for an essay to answer the above question. Introduction: - what is the task? - how do I plan to address it? - split into 3 areas - definition of each - evidence of each Mental images: - definition - what they can be used for – examples Read MoreDevelopmental Psychology Notes7715 Words   |  31 Pagesinsulation that surrounds parts of the neurons) increases, which speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds weight to the brain. Rapid brain growth not only allows for increased cognitive abilities, but also helps in the development of more sophisticated fine and gross motor skills. Children who are malnourished show delays in brain development. Brain laterilization Lateralization – process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere thanRead MoreConsumer Research in the Early Stages of New Product Development27148 Words   |  109 Pagesat early stages of the new product development process, as this is one of the most distinguishing characteristics of successful product development projects. Consumer research can be confirmative in its focus of testing new product concepts before launch and in this way prevents unjustified investments. Consumer research can also be proactive in that it aims to identify new product ideas that deliver against consumer needs that are not yet fulfilled by products currently in the market. SuccessfulRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 Pagesthree factors that form a tripod on which the relationship rests. 1. Passionate attraction (PA) 2. Mutual expectations (ME) 3. Personal intentions (PI) Passionate attractions (PA) → Individual experiences intensely pleasurable sensations when thinking about or being with a new partner. → Blushing, trembling, breathlessness, high sexual desire → Referred to as infatuation = passing love â€Å"a foolish and unreasoning love’ → Infatuation is not a realistic / accurate appraisal of the relationshipRead MoreEssay Developmental Psychology and Children43507 Words   |  175 Pagespractitioners on meeting the requirements of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) framework. It aims to provide useful advice and detailed information on supporting children’s learning and development and welfare. The guidance looks in more detail at how to implement the learning and development requirements and the welfare requirements in the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage document. There is also guidance on children’s development, what to look out for, effective practice

Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Essay - 1898 Words

Methods to Reduce Air Pollution Air pollution is nothing new. Ever since the discovery of fire, less-than-desirable substances have been vented into the air. One of the first air-pollution regulations dates back to the fourteenth century, when King Edward I banned the burning of sea coal in lime kilns. U.S. air-pollution regulations have their roots in British Common Law. But regardless of those efforts, air pollution continues to be a serious local and world-wide problem. Pollution is the pressure within the air of one or more substances that are harmful to human health, welfare, animal or plant life, or property. In the past with air pollution we included mainly the outdoor pollutants, although in recent years this is not the case.†¦show more content†¦All these particles are mainly products of combustion. The major sources include industrial processes, power plants that are both coal and oil-fired, residential heating, and transportation. But coal burning is the greatest source. Table 1 below shows estimates of U.S. particulate emissions from various sources. TABLE 1 National U.S. Emissions Estimates-1990 (Million metric tons/year) SOURCE PARTICULATES SULFUR OXIDES CARBON MONOXIDES Transportation Highway 1.3 0.6 30.3 Aircraft 0.1 0 1.1 RailSea 0 0.3 1.9 Off-Highway equipment 0.1 0.1 4.4 TOTAL 1.5 1 37.7 Stationary fuel combustion Electric utilities 0.4 14.2 0.3 Indusrial furnaces 0.3 2.3 0.7 Commercial 0 0.4 0.1 Residential 1 0.3 6.4 TOTAL 1.7 17.2 7.5 Industrial processes 2.8 3.1 4.7 Solid waste disposal 0.3 0 1.7 Miacellaneous Forest fires 1.1 0 8.1 Other burning 0.1 0 0.6 Misc. Organic solvents 0 0 0 TOTAL 1.2 0 8.7 OVERALL TOTAL 7.5 21.3 60.3 Only 13% of the total is generated by transportation. Industrial sources account for nearly three times as much as 37%. Fires account for just about as much particulate emissions as transportation. That amount is matched by combustion from sources, which include the generation of all heat and electricity. Emissions When coal was the main source to generate energy, power plants and homes accounted for much greaterShow MoreRelatedAmbient Air Pollution Is Bad For The Planet977 Words   |  4 PagesLinked to Exposure of Ambient Air Pollution Most people have heard that air pollution is bad for the planet. That pollutants we put in the air are causing this thing called â€Å"Global Warming.† The information that sometimes gets left out is the impact of ambient air pollution to the health of humans. Ambient air pollution is outdoor pollution originating from industries, cars, and trucks. These pollutants can wreak havoc on the human respiratory system (Ambient air pollution). Respiratory conditions suchRead MoreProblems Face by Earth948 Words   |  4 Pagesgreenhouse gases in the air. Planting trees and recycling also helps. If you recycle, less trash goes to the dump, and less trash gets burned. As a result, there are fewer greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. Another way to prevent global warning is through recycling method . Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging (including the economy size when that makes sense for you) will help to reduce waste. And whenever youRead MoreEssay on Low Health Expectancy1034 Words   |  5 Pagesexpectancy in developing countries? Discuss possible solutions to reduce this problem. Tutor Name: Andrew Nummey Student ID Number: 200860429 Date of Submission: Friday 2nd December 2011 Word count:966 STUDENT ID: 200860429 MODULE CODE: FC501 3T ANDREW NUMMEY What are the factors which contribute to low health expectancy in developing countries? Discuss possible solutions to reduce this problem. Low health expectancy continues to be a majorRead MoreUnderstanding Air Pollution Causing By Nitrogen Oxide952 Words   |  4 PagesWhen a huge amount of nitrogen oxide is being emitted into the air it forms smog and acid rain. Acid rain can damage everything that it falls on mainly the environment; it contaminated human resources such as water and etc. Once the acid rain contaminates the water resources it deteriorates the water quality causing more nitrogen to be in the water. With more nitrogen present in the water it upset the chemical balance of nutrients/ minerals that are being consume by the aquatic plants and animalsRead MoreUrbanization Of China s Urbanization1639 Words   |  7 Pagescongestion which is the number one factor of air pollution. China is known as a very highly developed country with over 1 billion people. Urbanization has greatly impacted China in many ways. There is a huge demanding population for communities in these largely populated cities like Shangha i and Beijing, there will have to be urbanization. While urbanization in megacities is a positive solution because it brings development to the country, China should try to reduce the urbanization of megacities becauseRead MoreCoal-fired Power Plant 1433 Words   |  6 Pagesacid rains, storms, droughts, etc. Along with the hostile environment, the human beings are in danger of the spreading disease, such as malaria. Coal-fired power plant generates 44 percent of the electricity; however, it is considered the biggest air polluter in the United States and one of the biggest factors in causing global warming. The greenhouse gas emissions from the coal-fired power plants are threatening the human health and the ecosystems. Fortunately, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld theRead MoreJudgement On Clean Air Or Money1343 Words   |  6 PagesJudgement on Clean Air or Money Economic development will damage the environment more or less, so the choice between the economic development and environmental protection has always been a difficult social problem that challenges many developing countries. China has been suffering by its air pollution for years because people burn too much fossil fuels with few regulations before it become a serious social problem for the whole country. United States as the top of developed countries is also notRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Plants, Animals, And Structures951 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Analysis: Air Pollution in California Holly Torres California Baptist University November 11, 2015 Background Information Air pollution has adverse effects on plants, animals, human beings, and structures; air pollution is caused by the introduction of foreign elements, fumes, and other impurities in the air. Over time, air pollution has been a major health problem caused by both human and natural causes. As the years advance, air pollution has become an issue of concern throughoutRead MoreHealth Effects Of Air And Water Pollutants1159 Words   |  5 PagesHealth effects of air and water pollutants are major environmental issues that need to be better understood and controlled in the United States and globally. â€Å"Pollution can occur from natural causes or from human activities† (Air and Water Pollution, 2015, p. 1). This issue is so important for many reasons, but for this discussion, it is being identified to give a voice to the urgency for the world to pay attention to how our environment is falling into a catastrophic level of decline because ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On The En vironment1636 Words   |  7 PagesThere are several types of pollution in the atmosphere: Air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and many more. It is corroding away our trees and contaminating our water. People take no interest in looking after the environment because they cannot see the effects it is causing the earth. Pollution is becoming dangerously high and it is beginning to affect wildlife. Due to the water being contaminated, they have no safe drinking water. These high levels of pollution in the animals’ drinking

Critical Evaluation of CBA’s Practices †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation of CBAs Practices. Answer: Introduction The Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) is a multinational bank involved in providing various types of financial services that includes retail, business, institutional banking, funds management, insurance, investment and broking services. It is attributed to be one of the largest Australian listed companies on the Australian Securities Exchange. CBAs insurance arm is CommInsure that was established in the year 2002 and has become one of the largest life insurers in Australia. CommInsure is actively involved in providing insurance products and income protection to about 4 million customers with main product offerings of life insurance and immediate annuities. However, the brand image of CBA was negatively impacted due to the presence of unethical and illegal practices in its insurance arm. CommInsure insurance policies were highlighted to be fraudulent as it has provided medical policies that were out of date. The occurrence of such a scandal in CBA after its money-laundering scandal further negatively impacted its brand image to a large extent. In this context, the present report aims to critically evaluate the financial management policies and practices of CBA in respect to their social responsibility and social outcomes of their actions. The ethical violation of CBA has discussed in detail in the report in reference to corporate social responsibility principles, ethical codes, principles and theories. Critical Evaluation of CBAs Practices and Financial Decisions as per the CSR Principles The financial management policies and practices of CBA were heavily criticized after the identification of the fraudulent activities ion the bank related to money laundering. However, the latest scandal that occurred in the CommInsure, insurance arm of CBA, has emphasized the need for CBA to review it financial management policies and practices. It has been ascertained by the ASIC investigation that CommInsure was involved in selling of the life insurance policies having outdated medical definitions for major diseases such as heart attack and rheumatoid arthritis. It has also been identified in the investigation that CommInsure need to make major improvements in its claim handling processes such as better interaction with the customers and improved training programs for the claim managers. Therefore, CommInsure was alleged for providing misleading and deceptive information to its customers and therefore breached ethical norms and principles. The government has imposed penalties for t he bank die to the presence of misconduct in its insurance arm related to claim handling under the Unfair Contracts Terms legislation (ASIC releases findings of CommInsure investigation, 2017). Thus, it can be said from the practices and financial decisions of CBA that it is not effectively complying with the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) principles and practices. The bank has although maintained CSR policies in relation to promoting the development of environment and society but its actions has not able to produce a positive social outcome for its stakeholders. The adoption of CSR policies requires businesses to contribute to social welfare as a major obligation of their business. It is concerned with maximizing the value for stakeholders rather than profit generation as that observed in the case of CBA. The bank is largely focusing on wealth creation rather than protecting the interests of its stakeholders as analyzed from its fraudulent financial practices. CSR principle focuses on achieving social outcomes through business as per the utilitarian principle of ethics which states that an ethical choice results in promoting the good for maximum number of individual s. As such, the ethical course of action for a business is that which results in delivering maximum value for its stakeholders. However, CBA has not adequately integrated the CSR beliefs and principle in its purpose and mission which is responsible for the occurrence of such unethical and fraudulent practices in the bank (Longstaff, 2016). Importance of Sustainability and Social Responsibility Outcomes for CBA CBA is a leading bank of Australian and therefore is largely responsible for protecting the interests of its wide stakeholder groups such as investors, customers, employees and government. The bank is involve in providing wide range of financial service to its clients and therefore it is highly important that bank places emphasis on the integration of sustainability and social responsible practices for stakeholder value creation. The presence of CSR policies and practice is essential to ensure transparency in its business operations so that bank is accountable for all the decisions taken by it. The social outcomes can be achieved by CBA only through the use of CSR practices that promote the development of all its stakeholders. The maintenance of customer beliefs over the business practices is of utmost concern for CBA to sustain its position and continue its growth and development (Commonwealth Bank Implements Sustainability Policies and Practices, 2018). The business practice and procedures adopted by CBA impacts to a large number of people and therefore it is essential for the bank to meet the varying interest of its stakeholders by delivering socially responsible outcomes. It has the responsibility of promoting financial stability within the banking sector and thus the presence of fraudulent practice within the bank can negatively impact the overall working of the financial system of the country. The importance of sustainability and socially responsible outcome for CBA can be effectively understood by its economic, legal and ethical responsibilities. The economic responsibility relates to its critical role in promoting financial innovation for promoting growth whereas legal responsibility refers to its crucial role in minimizing the financial risks through promoting regulation in the financial system. At last, the ethical responsibility involves meeting the stakeholder expectations through carrying business on the ethical principle of integrity, fairness, respect and transparency (Lentner, 2015). Ethical Principles Breached by CBA The occurrence of misleading and deceptive business practices in the CommInsure, the insurance arm of CBA, has highlighted various ethical concerns and challenges faced by the banking organization at present to maintain its sustainable growth. The banking organization has violated ethical codes of conduct and practices that were established by it for promoting transparency and accountability in its business operations. It has violated the following ethical codes of practice and conduct of continuously working towards improving the practices and services of the financial service industry. Also, there is ethical breach relating to providing detailed information to the clients regarding the financial service provided by CBA through the use updated brochures and written information. This is because the medical definitions under the life insurance policies of CBA were outdated and thus it has not effectively complied with its ethical obligation of providing effective information disclosur e to the clients. CBA has also breached its ethical conduct regarding acting fairly and reasonably and effectively meeting the commitment made between the bank and its clients (The Conversation, 2017). However, the occurrence of CommInsure scandal has highlighted that the bank is not effectively meeting its commitment towards the clients as it has failed to meet their expectations by providing them deceptive insurance products and policies. It also maintained in its ethical conduct that the banking organization will comply with all the relevant laws relating to financial services. However, it has not complied effectively with the law relating to Consumer Protection by selling them false insurance policies and therefore has caused the breach of law. CBA has also failed to comply with its ethical code of conduct relating to ensuring that its staff members are appropriately trained and are competent enough in carrying out their responsibilities. However, it has been proved by ASIC inve stigation that its claim managers were not appropriately trained to sell the insurance policies to the clients (Code of Banking Practice, 2018). Discussion of Ethical Violations with Reference to Ethical Theories The ethical violations that occurred in the CBA can be explained adequately in reference to ethical theory of deontology. As per the ethical theory of deontology, the morality of an action taken by a business organization can be judged on the basis of standard set of rules and procedures. Thus, the theory emphases that a business organization has a moral obligation to act in a reasonable manner as per the duty or obligation based on standard rules and legislation. Thus, the duty and responsibility of a business organization towards its stakeholders can help in developing an ethical course of action that direct it to act ethically and comply effectively with standard set of rule and regulations. CBA ethical violation presents a case where a business entity has not effectively met with the regulatory compliance and thus has failed to act morally and ethically. On the other hand, the theory of utilitarian ethics can be utilized by the CBA in developing and selecting an ethical course of action (Parsons, 2016). The theory has stated that a business entity must select the course of action that results in promoting the welfare of large number of people and as such it can act ethically and reasonably towards its stakeholders (Longstaff, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be stated form the overall discussion held in the report that CBA recent financial practices are not in accordance with the CSR beliefs and principles. As such, it is essential for an organization to integrate CSR beliefs and principle in its business activities for acting ethically and morally. References ASIC releases findings of CommInsure investigation. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2017-releases/17-076mr-asic-releases-findings-of-comminsure-investigation/ [Accessed on: 8 April 2018]. Code of Banking Practice. 2018. [Online]. Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/content/dam/commbank/about-us/download-printed-forms/CodeofBankingPractice_ADB2555_0604.pdf [Accessed on: 8 April 2018]. Commonwealth Bank Implements Sustainability Policies and Practices. 2018. [Online]. Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/news/media-releases/2015/commonwealth-bank-implements-sustainability-policies-and-practices.html [Accessed on: 8 April 2018]. Lentner, C. 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Banking Sector. [Online]. Available at: https://www.asz.hu/storage/files/files/public-finance-quarterly-articles/2015/a_lentner_szegedi_tatay_2015_1.pdf [Accessed on: 8 April 2018]. Longstaff, S. 2016. Can Ethics Survive in the World of Banking and Finance? Lessons from CommInsure. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/religion/articles/2016/03/09/4421566.htm [Accessed on: 8 April 2018]. Parsons, P.J. 2016. Ethics in Public Relations: A Guide to Best Practice. Kogan Page Publishers. The Conversation. 2017. Why bankers so often fail to comply with policies and regulations. [Online]. Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-bankers-so-often-fail-to-comply-with-policies-and-regulations-82159 [Accessed on: 8 April 2018].

Jane Eyre - Analysis Of Nature Essays - English-language Films

Jane Eyre - Analysis of Nature Charlotte Bronte makes use of nature imagery throughout "Jane Eyre," and comments on both the human relationship with the outdoors and human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines "nature" as "1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a thing's essential qualities; a person's or animal's innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs." We will see how "Jane Eyre" comments on all of these. Several natural themes run through the novel, one of which is the image of a stormy sea. After Jane saves Rochester's life, she gives us the following metaphor of their relationship: "Till morning dawned I was tossed on a buoyant but unquiet sea . . . I thought sometimes I saw beyond its wild waters a shore . . . now and then a freshening gale, wakened by hope, bore my spirit triumphantly towards the bourne: but . . . a counteracting breeze blew off land, and continually drove me back." The gale is all the forces that prevent Jane's union with Rochester. Later, Bront?, whether it be intentional or not, conjures up the image of a buoyant sea when Rochester says of Jane: "Your habitual expression in those days, Jane, was . . . not buoyant." In fact, it is this buoyancy of Jane's relationship with Rochester that keeps Jane afloat at her time of crisis in the heath: "Why do I struggle to retain a valueless life? Because I know, or believe, Mr. Rochester is living." Another recurrent image is Bront?'s treatment of Birds. We first witness Jane's fascination when she reads Bewick's History of British Birds as a child. She reads of "death-white realms" and "'the solitary rocks and promontories'" of sea-fowl. We quickly see how Jane identifies with the bird. For her it is a form of escape, the idea of flying above the toils of every day life. Several times the narrator talks of feeding birds crumbs. Perhaps Bront? is telling us that this idea of escape is no more than a fantasy-one cannot escape when one must return for basic sustenance. The link between Jane and birds is strengthened by the way Bront? adumbrates poor nutrition at Lowood through a bird who is described as "a little hungry robin." Bront? brings the buoyant sea theme and the bird theme together in the passage describing the first painting of Jane's that Rochester examines. This painting depicts a turbulent sea with a sunken ship, and on the mast perches a cormorant with a gold bracelet in its mouth, apparently taken from a drowning body. While the imagery is perhaps too imprecise to afford an exact interpretation, a possible explanation can be derived from the context of previous treatments of these themes. The sea is surely a metaphor for Rochester and Jane's relationship, as we have already seen. Rochester is often described as a "dark" and dangerous man, which fits the likeness of a cormorant; it is therefore likely that Bront? sees him as the sea bird. As we shall see later, Jane goes through a sort of symbolic death, so it makes sense for her to represent the drowned corpse. The gold bracelet can be the purity and innocence of the old Jane that Rochester managed to capture before she left him. Having established some of the nature themes in "Jane Eyre," we can now look at the natural cornerstone of the novel: the passage between her flight from Thornfield and her acceptance into Morton. In leaving Thornfield, Jane has severed all her connections; she has cut through any umbilical cord. She narrates: "Not a tie holds me to human society at this moment." After only taking a small parcel with her from Thornfield, she leaves even that in the coach she rents. Gone are all references to Rochester, or even her past life. A "sensible" heroine might have gone to find her uncle, but Jane needed to leave her old life behind. Jane is seeking a return to the womb of mother nature: "I have no relative but the universal mother, Nature: I will seek her breast and ask repose." We see how she seeks protection as she searches for a resting place: "I struck